That notwithstanding, participants also agreed that generally, there was the need for one to space the children. 1999. General hospitals and university hospitals are favoured by some because they have the facilities and medical staff on hand to deal with any complications that might arise during childbirth. The beliefs and practices during puerperium were further divided into those that are related to care of the baby and those related to the mother. This was because of the belief that the drug made their babies big making that results in difficult delivery. On the seventh day for a Yoruba girl and the ninth day for a boy, theyre given water (to have no enemies), palm oil (for a smooth, stress-free life), kola nut (for a long and healthy one) and salt and pepper (to keep things exciting and spicy). Another reason cited for delivery at TBA is the use of herbs which is believed to be effective and facilitate the labour. Following that, line-by-line reading of all transcripts within the NVivo 11 software and relevant portions of statements made by respondents coded unto existing and new nodes. For example, every pregnant woman is expected to take at least 8 doses of the prophylaxis as per the new World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation (WHO, Citation2019). Included in the narrative are the beliefs of a Laotian woman who does not breast-feed her child until the third day postpartum. In Japan, tradition has long been that women who gave birth were expected to be confined indoors with their babies for the first 100 days postpartum. Protecting pregnancy from evil forces resulted in the practice of confinement and consequently late initiation of antenatal care. (Citation2007), memoing involves putting down initial ideas, issues, observation and patterns that can be connected, compared or contrasted while doing the coding. Our patients represent a broad spectrum of ethnicities and walks of life, as well as a tapestry of beliefs and customs that help shape their values. This might mean more dedicated and personalized care, better food, a private room, or the benefit that the doctor with you for the regular check-ups should also be present at the birth. Some patients and doctors still adhere to a paternalistic model of health care in which doctor knows best. Patients might be hesitant to ask questions out of fear of judgment, so doctors must provide every opportunity for open communication. Japan's environmentalism is entrenched in its history of eugenics. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal We douche the children because when you give birth to baby girl they normally have sores in their private parts (Postnatal woman, FGD). As a form of treatment for the wounds, herbs extracted from the bark of a tree nu bena was given to the women to enhance healing of the internal wound. When I take all the folic acid given to me at the hospital I give birth to a big baby so this time around I took only half of the medicine because when the babies are big they suffer in coming out during delivery (Postnatal woman, FGD). This will cost about 5,000-10,000, and include a urine test and an ultrasound (depending on the number of weeks). Participants in this study were of the view that engaging in sex during pregnancy was essential in ensuring smooth delivery and highly recommended for women. These beliefs lead to practices during and along pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum periods. In this study, the socio-cultural practice of confinement rather delayed the initiation of ANC. So, you have to keep the baby in the room until outdooring where they would have performed the rituals to protect the baby (Pregnant woman). The following quotes are illustrations of that practice: There are herbs we give to pregnant women from five months onwards to help in the birth process. Also take your Maternity and Children Health Handbook because you will given a small certificate which you should cut out and stick in your handbook. In this Hindu country, an important birthing tradition is burying the placenta, which is believed to be alive and almost like a twin sibling of the newborn. Many women giving birth in Australia believe it's important to follow the traditional pregnancy and birth practices of their culture. Most Japanese women aim to deliver their baby sans painkillers, an ancient belief that stems from the Buddhist belief that labor pains must be endured as a test to prepare for the difficulties of motherhood. Select your child's age in months to begin tracking their development. This goal is particularly integral in efforts to design better preventive health care strategies for pregnant and postpartum women from multiple cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Narrative study design allows research participants to share their knowledge on a particular study topic (Bowling, Citation2014). From how women are treated to abortion policies, each region has adapted their own unique cultural perspectives on pregnancy. The herbs they say makes the baby strong .we have some we take through the anus, called Awuo mre aduro, and for this one they claim it makes you have smooth delivery. The following quotes illustrate some participants view about this: When you give birth to the baby and the eyes and palms are yellow, it is normal because of the change in the environment of baby. Good practices need to be identified and promoted whilst harmful practices must be discouraged (Saaka & Iddrisu, Citation2014). The application for child benefit payments must be made by the householder, which is defined as the parent with the highest income. These practices were often aimed at restoring the mother to pre-gestation state and also facilitate the growth of the baby. The CS is because of lack of sex during pregnancy (Woman with child under five year, FGD). You can begin making enquiries once you know your expected delivery date, which is usually around the 8-10 week stage of pregnancy. Sorry, but your browser needs Javascript to use this site. It is because of this that some women prefer to come to our facility (TBA, IDI). This first washing symbolizes that the mother isnt alone is raising her child, and that the community will always be there to help her. This is usually the case for women who go to the Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA). By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. For my first born, it was so difficult when I delivered in the hospital (Postnatal woman, FGD). Since then I have been giving him water and some mashed kenkey (Postnatal woman, FGD). Sorry, Blue Ivy and Apple, but your names wouldnt fly in Germany. In performing sampling activities, the maximum variation form of the purposive sampling was employed to ensure that a wide range of stakeholders was covered to provide a holistic view about the study topic (Andale, Citation2016). At the local city office you should submit a Birth Notification Form (, shussan-todoke). Postpartum care is called omugwo, a key component of which is babys first bath, given to him by his grandmother (or, if shes unavailable, an aunt or close friend). Download The AppDaily pregnancy & newborn updates with our FREE app. Queries were also run in NVivo to quantify some of the qualitative data and the results exported and added to the qualitative data in the results. What I have noticed is that when I am pregnant with a boy, I have a big stomach but when it is a girl, I have a small stomach (Woman with child under five, FGD). The moms to be in Bali avoid eating octopus because they believe that eating some . Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 13(1), 15-26. In the postpartum period, confinement was common because postpartum women were perceived to be weak, fragile and vulnerable to illness. Ethnic Differences in Preferences for Lifestyle Intervention among Women after Childbirth: A Multi-Methods Study in Australia. Men are household leaders in various cultures, and some Ob/Gyn patients defer to their partner for medical decisions. Terada S, Doi S, Tani Y, Maeda Y, Isumi A, Sugawara J, Maeda K, Satoh S, Mitsuda N, Fujiwara T. Front Psychiatry. 98 Japanese women in England and 88 Japanese women in Japan: South-East Asian: Thai: Kaewsarn (2003a) . Since the 1930s, new moms in Finland have received the ultimate care package from the state, filled with baby necessities like clothes, diapers, bedding, bibs and a first aid kit, all in a cardboard box that can do double duty as a crib. And we must ask the right questions to ensure that patients understand why we are making certain recommendations and how we will care for them in a thoughtful, open-minded manner. Epub 2016 May 10. It is therefore evident that maternal mortality is a health indicator that shows very wide gaps between the rich and the poor, urban, and rural areas, both between and within countries. This is on the basis of the social context network model where individuals integrate contextual information during social processes (Ibanez & Manes, Citation2012). Our intake team asks about vegan, gluten-free, kosher, and other needs and preferences in order to optimize nutrition and increase comfort during their stay. To help ease them into motherhood, moms observe la cuarentena (quarantine)a 40-day period when they recuperate from labor by abstaining from sex, physical activity and spicy foods. Of the 830 daily maternal deaths, 550 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and 180 in Southern Asia, compared to 5 in developed countries (WHO, Citation2016). They do not accommodate regular checkups. Some FGD participants were of the view that the modern contraceptive methods could render a woman barren and therefore preferred to use natural methods. Pregnancy is not covered under general health insurance in Japan. Find a Doctor It is for that reason that a participant indicated the choice for people to utilise the TBA outlets. So, to respect the patients wishes and properly care for her baby, we partitioned the room with screens the male doctor could be present without invading the patients privacy. Stud Fam Plann. 3. The Japan Taxi app is okay in the Tokyo area but its not something I would want to rely on in an emergency. Findings: To learn more see our FAQ. However, certain beliefs tend to make these moments also prone to certain rituals and concealment, all in an attempt to ensure that there is no mishap during any of these periods. 2022 Dec 15;12(12):e068216. However, the practice of confinement does not make women start ANC early enough to enable them meet the required number of visits during pregnancy. In SCT, learning is viewed as knowledge acquisition through cognitive processing of information. Pregnancy is not covered under general health insurance in Japan. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) released acommittee opinionurging doctors to recognize that their approach to patients behaviors and beliefs can negatively affect patient communications. The study found squatting position is one of the reasons for the use of TBA facilities. These checkups are called ninshin-kenk-shindan () in Japanese. In Bangladesh, an earlier study reported that confinement of the mother and baby was observed until noai ceremony on day 7 or 9 to protect the baby against any evil (Winch et al., Citation2005). In this South American country, mothers mark their calendars for the ninth day after babys birththats when they celebrate the little ones arrival with family and friends, who bring sweets and gifts, including money and gold bangle bracelets for baby. To address this problem, they indicated that during bathing for the babies, they apply warm compresses on the fontanelle and genitalia of female babies. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the For many families, the birth of a baby is something that is awaited and celebrated. Mothers have the option to take a cash grant instead, but the majority opt for the starter kit, which is worth a lot more. This may be related, in part, to women's beliefs about exercise in pregnancy, which are likely influenced by cultural background. There are no baby showers in Turkeycelebrations are postponed until after the little one is born. Postpartum haemorrhage for instance, is one of the leading causes of maternal deaths in Ghana and most of these deaths have occurred due to delays in referral or seeking health care. Secondly, because each pregnancy requires a different level of care there cannot be a fixed fee. Here are some pregnancy beliefs and customs from different parts of the world. In African cultures, because of many superstitious beliefs, many families will perform different rituals to safeguard the pregnancy. when I am pregnant with a boy, he lies on the right side of the womb and girl lies on the left side. Who needs a sonogram to show whether its a boy or girl? However, the unanimous position was that sex activity could start at least 40 days after delivery. The fear of losing pregnancy as a result of bewitchment made pregnant women resort to the practice of confinement, which has implication for the early initiation of antenatal care. .Having sex with your partner makes delivery safe and smooth and will also prevent your husband from going out to have extra marital affairs (Elderly woman, FGD). To explore Korean beliefs and attitudes towards pregnancy, birth and postpartum practices: . They understandably want to examine you in person beforehand. While some participants mentioned their use of modern contraceptive methods, others preferred the natural family planning methods as illustrated with the quotes below: What I see is if the man wants to sleep with you and you dont use any medicine you can easily give birth even if you have a small baby already. In Tokyo, your best bet is hospitals and clinics in Minato Ward and Shibuya Ward. All FGDs were conducted in the community at an agreed time suitable for the participants. During bathing of the baby, the head is massaged and molded. To support families with the cost of raising a child, child benefit is provided to all families. The length of validity on your childs residence card will depend on your status as the applicant. Semi-structured FGD and IDI guides were used to collect data for this study. You need to submit an application for child benefit payments (, nintei-seikysho) within 15 days from the day after birth. During labour, we also give it the delivery is delaying. The qualitative data were audio-taped using a digital voice recorder. 2.6. Synthesis of the qualitative literature from low and middle income countries on cultural practices and traditional beliefs influencing the perinatal period. ), but these should be covered under your general health insurance. Further, what the medical institutions can and cannot offer in terms of medical services also differs. The future of OTC contraceptives. However, in higher risk cases such as where the mother is pregnant with twins or is older, the private hospital may advise delivery at a general hospital. Analyses of data occurred concurrently with data collection with the hope of ending the study at the point of saturation, where new data collected no longer brought additional insights. or 817-882-2400, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Your guide to pregnancy-related abbreviations, PeriPAN: Getting pregnant and postpartum women mental health care faster, Opioid use and pregnancy: An honest discussion, Progesterone and premature birth: What a new study means for pregnant women, During pregnancy, avoid cold cuts and soft cheeses to reduce listeria risk, As RSV rates soar, get tips to protect new babies, Self-serve birth control? As a result of this belief neonatal conditions had to managed at home because attendance to the hospital during that period was believed to create the opportunity for the baby to be bewitched. Community-based management of neonatal conditions using trained village health workers has been shown to be effective in reducing neonatal mortality (Bhutta et al., Citation2005). A very traditional Japanese full-course meal with fortuitous foods is served for the baby. This is crucial if Ghana is to achieve universal health coverage and access to essential perinatal care as envisioned in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The belief among participants was that female babies were born with sores in their vulva which needed to be treated with warm dressing to help in the healing process. Not to worrythe mice are mini licorice pieces covered in pink for girls and blue for boys. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. This was made of 72 and 22 participants in the FGD, and IDI, respectively (Table 1). Members of Nuaulu tribe of Indonesia for example, are noted to have a high perception towards practice of pregnancy in seclusion. You will have to wait for at least forty days before having sex or sometimes for three to six months after birth (Elderly woman, FGD). Additionally, doctors should provide and advocate for improved access to care. The various codes were analyzed into themes based on the codes to reflect the content of the data collected alongside the writing memos on specific relevant areas. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Socio-cultural beliefs and practices during pregnancy, child birth, and postnatal period: A qualitative study in Southern Ghana, 1 World Health Organization Country Office for Ghana, Ghana;2 Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, Cultural beliefs and practices of women influencing home births in rural Northern Ghana, Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: A systematic analysis by the un Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7, Maternal death in rural Ghana: A case study in the Upper East region of Ghana, Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective, Beyond symptom recognition: Care-seeking for ill newborns in rural Ghana, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01981.x, Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: A review of the evidence, Maternal care practices among the ultra poor households in rural Bangladesh: A qualitative exploratory study, Causes of neonatal deaths in a rural subdistrict of Bangladesh: Implications for intervention, Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation, Time to initiation of breastfeeding and neonatal mortality and morbidity: A systematic review, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S19, A review of cultural influence on maternal mortality in the developing world, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.04.002, A two-year review of uterine rupture in a regional hospital, Healthcare in Low-resource Settings: The individual perspective, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_2695, Huge poor-rich inequalities in maternity care: An international comparative study of maternity and child care in developing countries, Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182518375, An intervention involving traditional birth attendants in Pakistan, Every newborn: Progress, priorities, and potential beyond survival, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60496-7, Cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02709.x, Perception of care in Zambian women attending community antenatal clinics, The Ghana community-based health planning and services initiative for scaling up service delivery innovation, Orthodox versus unorthodox care: A qualitative study on where rural women seek healthcare during pregnancy and childbirth in Southwest, Nigeria, Food prohibitions and other traditional practices in pregnancy: A Qualitative study in Western Region of Ghana, The effect of community nurses and health volunteers on child mortality: The Navrongo community health and family planning project, https://doi.org/10.1080/14034940701349225, Nyo dua hli30 days confinement: Traditions and changed childbearing beliefs and practices among Hmong women in Australia, Maternal mortality in Ghana: The other side, Committing to child survival A promise renewed, Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.167, Local understandings of vulnerability and protection during the neonatal period in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: A qualitative study, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66836-5. If this is not treated, it can affect the womans health and that of the child (Postnatal woman, FGD). In addition, participants indicated that swelling of the feet was sign that the baby in the uterus was a male. Accordingly, choosing where to deliver requires a degree of research and planning. For the girl, I vomit a lot but a boy I dont, its only my soles that swell (Woman with child under five, FGD). If your child will stay in Japan longer than 60 days and you hold a resident status other than Permanent Resident (, tokubestu-eijken), you need to make anApplication for Certificate of Eligibility (, zairy-shikaku-shutoku-kyoka-shinsei) at the Japanese Immigration within 30 days of birth. Whereas some indicated that sexual intercourse could begin 40 days after delivery, many of them noted they started having sex 3 months after delivery. Originally created for low-income families to give all babies an equal start in life, Finlands freebie package became available to all moms in 1949. Sponsored contents planned and edited by JT Media Enterprise Division. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify these beliefs and practices and how they affect maternal and child health care services. In the Ob/Gyn setting, we must ensure that patients are comfortable enough to be honest with us, particularly during sensitive and sometimes painful discussions. Maternity homes generally provide a more homely environment for natural births, and are typically cheaper than general and private hospitals. Like any country, expecting mothers should have hospital bag prepared as their due date approaches. or Call214-645-8300. This is illustrated in the following quote: Some of us live in places where you will have to cross a river before you go the clinic for them to assess you and the baby but because we pregnant women are not supposed to cross the river, we do not go (Elderly woman, IDI). Japanese women are advised to have prenatal visits every 4 weeks through 23 weeks gestation, every 2 weeks from 24 to 35 weeks, and every week after 36 weeks, for a total of 14 prenatal visit for a low to medium risk pregnancy. Ripe plantain for instance, is believed to cause false labour whilst egg is forbidden because of the belief that the baby will become a thief in future. For . For the childbirth category, many articles examined beliefs and practices that helped to explain women's aversion to institutional births, such as preference for traditional birth positions, and fear of medical interventions. The various ethnic groups have different cultural beliefs and practices towards prenatal, antenatal, and peripartum periods. Families here still practice a folkloric custom where a spoon, knife and fork are placed under three different chairs, and the mom-to-be chooses one to sit on. Asian women suffer the largest proportion of the world's maternal deaths. Your Pregnancy Matters, Appointment There was also the belief that unborn babies can be bewitched by bad or jealous people in the community thus making them develop certain abnormalities in the uterus. For example, some clinics are female only and do not allow males to accompany their partners; some will not deliver the baby if the mother has not been attending that clinic or hospital for regular checkups since early in their pregnancy. Pregnancy is acknowledged but not celebrated. Purposive sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling procedure where researchers choose the sample based on who they think are appropriate for the study (Green & Thorogood, Citation2004). This is the case for Japanese and foreigners alike. In some respects, the Japanese health and social support system can be a little confusing when it comes to pregnancy. Generally, field-notes are reported to provide deeper reflection and understanding of experiences in the field (Bowling, Citation2014). The yellow babies is something that happens. National Library of Medicine As found in some studies, womens preference for TBAs during pregnancy and labour, compared to the healthcare facilities was due to the use of herbal medications, which was preferred to the drugs and vaccines administered at the ANC clinics (Okafor et al., Citation2014).