a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by

The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. HOME; INTERIORS; EXTERIORS; OFFICE & PORTRAITS; PUBLICITY/EVENTS; CONSTRUCTION; INFO The planning should take into consideration the wind conditions, arrival paths, communication procedures, available runways, recommended traffic patterns, and courses of action in the event the unexpected occurs. He was wrong. Errors in grammar and vulgarisms detract from an instructors dignity and insult the intelligence of the students, If the subject matter includes technical terms, the instructor should clearly define each one so that no student is in doubt about its meaning. By listening to their discussion and questions, he can pinpoint problem areas and explain them more fully during the review of the solved problem, People skills also include the ability to interact respectfully with students, pick up when students are not following along, motivate students to learn, and adapt to the needs of the student when necessary. This is necessary because it is very important that each student perform the maneuver or operation the right way the first few times to establish a good habit. A syllabus is a summary or outline of a course of study that generally contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. [Figure 4-5] The FAA frequently reviews the test items in an attempt to maintain their validity in the current aviation environment. To be a teacher implies one has completed some type of formal training, has specialized knowledge, has been certified or validated in some way, and adheres to a set of standards of performance. For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do the ground instruction for a student pilot, then expect the student to demonstrate patterns and landings in the aircraft. While test preparation materials may be effective in preparing students for FAA tests, the danger is that students may learn to pass a given test, but fail to learn other critical information essential to safe piloting and maintenance practices. Computer-aided information is particularly useful for aviation maintenance activities. Symbols, graphs, and diagrams can also show relationships of location, size, time, frequency, and value. The instructor acts as a facilitator to encourage discussion between students, In the guided discussion, learning is achieved through the skillful use of questions. Fixed-base operators (FBOs) who offer instrument training may use personal computer based aviation training devices (PCATDs) or flight training devices (FTDs) for a portion of the instrument time a pilot needs for the instrument rating. Establish a specific lesson objective with desired learning outcomes. Periodic review and assessment by the instructor is necessary to ensure that the student has not acquired any bad habits, As the student becomes proficient with the fundamentals of flight and aircraft maneuvers or maintenance procedures, the instructor should increasingly emphasize ADM as a means of applying what has been previously learned. They should be considered as a supplement to instructor-led training, Electronic communications, including use of computer databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this explosion of information access affects aviation training. For example, there are several types of lectures, such as the illustrated talk where the speaker relies heavily on visual aids to convey ideas to the listeners. Availability, feasibility, or cost may impose realistic limitations. With a briefing, the speaker presents a concise array of facts to the listeners who normally do not expect elaboration of supporting material. Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. First, the material presented can be erased, allowing the surface to be used again and again; and second, the boards serve as an excellent medium for joint student-instructor activity in the classroom. They also should be meaningful to the student, lead to the desired behavioral or learning objectives, and provide appropriate reinforcement. With this setup, the physical facility is usually referred to as a learning center or training center. Effective problems: Relate to the real world so students want to solve them, Are open ended and not limited to one correct answer, Are connected to previously learned knowledge as well as new knowledge, Risk management, ADM, automation management, situational awareness, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness are the skills encompassed by HOTS. Good newspapers offer examples of the effective use of simple words. In addition, they can be drawn on a chalk or marker board and can be duplicated. With the display of an operating model, the students can observe how each part works in relation to the other parts. The instructor must provide opportunities for students to practice and, at the same time, make sure that this process is directed toward a learning objective, A successful instructor needs to be familiar with as many teaching methods as possible. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. In this case, the responsible instructor needs to establish procedures to make sure the required training is accomplished, since he or she must certify student competency at the end of the course, Models, mock-ups, and cut-aways are additional instructional aids. Once a determination of objectives and standards has been made, an instructor formulates a plan of action to lead students through the course in a logical manner toward the desired goal. Even though most aircraft are equipped with some sort of navigational system, instructors should teach students the basics of navigation. If the student wishes to repeat a section or a portion of the section, it can be done at any time merely by clicking on the appropriate icon, In teaching aviation students, CAL programs can be used by the instructor as another type of reference for students to study. Questions can be categorized by function and by characteristics. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. For example, the instructor may talk about an occurrence where the knowledge in the lesson was applied. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Because improper pilot decisions cause a significant percentage of all accidents and the majority of fatal accidents in light single- and twin-engine aircraft, SBT challenges the student or transitioning pilot with a variety of flight scenarios with the goal of reducing accidents. The type of chart selected for use depends largely on the type of information the instructor wants to convey. The instructor must determine the method to be used in developing the subject matter. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. During a formal lecture, the speakers purpose is to inform, to persuade, or to entertain with little or no verbal participation by the students. During a classroom session, the instructor should provide students with an overview of the presentation before showing it. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. Depending on the requirements of any particular circumstances, a lecture is usually delivered in one of four ways: Reading from a typed or written manuscript, Reciting memorized material without the aid of a manuscript, Speaking extemporaneously from an outline, The teaching lecture is probably best delivered in an extemporaneous manner. In many cases, these terms are used interchangeably, but there are important differences, A curriculum is a set of courses in an area of specialization offered by an educational institution. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate Accident data is available at NTSBs Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/, Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. Measured in number of people in the profession, teaching is one of the worlds largest professions. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. In the previous example, the criteria may include that navigation from point A to point B be accomplished within 5 minutes of the preplanned flight time and that en route altitude be maintained within 200 feet. The scale model represents an exact reproduction of the original, while simplified models do not represent reality in all details. It normally includes statements of objectives, descriptions of teaching aids, definitions of assessment criteria, and indications of desired outcome, A determination of objectives and standards is necessary before any important instruction can be presented. Manage the daily maintenance efforts for 9 P-3C aircraft to meet short and long range flight tasking. +44 (0)7540 787812 frances@constructionandbuildingphotography.com. While aviation instructors are expected to be familiar with all regulatory training requirements, use of instructororiented training materials which are enhanced for regulatory compliance can be very beneficial for ensuring required training is being accomplished, endorsed, and properly documented. Often combined with traditional task and maneuver training within a given scenario, decision-based objectives facilitate a higher level of learning and application. Teaching methods or training delivery methods are discussed, as well as the use of instructional aids, In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal. All refer to the same thing, the behavior of the student, These objectives provide a way of stating what performance level is desired of a student before the student is allowed to progress to the next stage of instruction. The area of the picture or object is limited to approximately 10 inches by 10 inches, Items which may be projected are practically limitless. This fourth organizational pattern starts with common usage before progressing to the rarer ones. With advanced tracking features, CAL also can be used to test the students achievement, compare the results with past performance, and indicate the students weak or strong areas, For most aviation training, the computer should be thought of as a valuable instructional aidand entrusting an entire aviation training program to a computer is not practical. Each student should be given the opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the subject, and feel free to do so. First of all, instructors need to begin planning early to determine what the student group is expected to learn and to be able to do on their own. This equipment is especially adapted to enlarging diagrams and small charts for display purposes. It is used for study, training, or testing in place of the real object, which is too costly or too dangerous, or which is impossible to obtain. As indicated in chapter 2, standards for the level of learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domains are easily established. The controller directed the pilot to the Columbus Metropolitan Airport, Columbus, Georgia. Participants in a class may be located on different continents, yet share the same teaching experience. If the lecture has been carefully prepared, and the instructor is completely familiar with the outline, there should be no real difficulty, Notes used wisely can ensure accuracy, jog the memory, and dispel the fear of forgetting. A complete outline tends to distract students and makes a logical presentation difficult. For example, it would be possible for a technicians eyes to easily move back and forth from computer-generated technical data to the actual hardware while diagnosing and correcting a maintenance problem, Trends in training indicate a shift from the typical classroom to more extensive use of a lab-type environment with computer work or study stations. It is important for instructors to remember: Technical knowledge is useless if the instructor fails to communicate it effectively, The two-way process of effective communication means actively listening to the student, as well as teaching him or her, In the previous scenario, Bob uses the guided group discussion period to listen to his students discuss the weight and balance problem. The instructors success is determined to a large degree by the ability to organize material and to select and utilize a teaching method appropriate to a particular lesson, Application is student use of the instructors presented material. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. VR uses graphics with animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of real-life experience. For the flight instructor, this may entail overseeing the preflight procedures. Students learn from the beginning how to perform the maneuver or procedure and also become familiar with the performance criteria. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. Students become more involved in their own learning, and instructors may no longer occupy a center-stage position in a typical classroom setting. Lecturing is unquestionably the most economical of all teaching methods in terms of the time required to present a given amount of material, The lecture is particularly suitable for introducing a new subject and for explaining the necessary background information. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. This may include important safety considerations, Select the ideas to be supported with instructional aids. 1 shows the conceptual model of an instructor's work during an SBT session, following the design of our simulator concept. When required endorsements and recordkeeping provisions are designed into training syllabi, it is much easier, from the instructors standpoint, to conduct required training, track student progress, and certify records. This complex process is enhanced by the use of appropriate instructional aids that highlight and emphasize the main points or concepts, The working or short-term memory functions are limited by both time and capacity. The following four steps should be followed in the planning phase of preparation: Establishing the objective and desired outcomes, In all stages of preparing for the teaching lecture, the instructor should support any point to be covered with meaningful examples, comparisons, statistics, or testimony. Revisions and alterations are easier to make at that time than after their completion. He is flying the four of them to the "big" football game. (See Appendix F.) There are many definitions for PBL, but for the purposes of this handbook, it is defined as the type of learning environment in which lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions, PBL starts with a carefully constructed problem to which there is no single solution. By removing the NTSBs determination of probable cause, a flight instructor can use the description as a case study. Instructors can create their own overhead acetate or plastic transparencies, or they may purchase commercially produced ones. Similar objectives and standards are established for AMT students. The introduction should be free of stories, jokes, or incidents that do not help the students focus their attention on the lesson objective. Because the exact words to express an idea are spontaneous, the lecture is more personalized than one that is read or spoken from memory, Since the instructor talks directly to the students, their reactions can be readily observed, and adjustments can be made based on their responses. Manage and monitor all flight systems and electrical in-flight . The alert reader has already noted that the conditions and criteria changed slightly during the development of these objectives, and that is exactly the way it will occur. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages. The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. Content validity means that a particular maneuver or procedure closely mimics what is required. They are essential for reporting complicated information. With searchand-find features incorporated, a CD or DVD is a powerful information source. While a computer, screen, and projector may be needed for the classroom, a laptop computer may be all that is needed for the one-on-one presentation. Applicants must be able to read the examination questions in either English or French without assistance. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. female attractiveness scale with pictures; osdi 2021 accepted papers June 14, 2022; jeep renegade 4x4 usata francoforte sul meno; astrological predictions for trump 2022 . The student may then conduct a review of questions missed, Some of the more advanced CAL applications allow students to progress through a series of interactive segments where the presentation varies as a result of their responses. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. For example, the subsystems within a physical unit are relatively easy to relate to each other through the use of schematics or diagrams. [Figure 4-12] E-learning comes in many formats. Normally, students should not be asked to discuss a subject without some background in that subject, The techniques used to guide a discussion require practice and experience. It promotes learning through repetition because those things most often repeated are best remembered. This training method employs instructor-guided discussion with the instructor maintaining control of the discussion. Depending on the nature of the representation, cost can vary. Many of the limitations of the overhead projector are also true of the opaque projector, CDs and DVDs are todays popular video instructional aids. High-quality, commercially produced CDs and DVDs are available for almost every aviation training subject. ), Select a topic the students can profitably discuss. Immediately thereafter, the instructor should have the student attempt to perform the maneuver, coaching as necessary. A simple process can be used to determine if and where instructional aids are necessary, Clearly establish the lesson objective. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. Every time practice occurs, learning continues. Developing good problems that motivate, focus, and initiate student learning are an important component of PBL. They are easy to construct and can be produced in the same manner as pictures. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. The give and take of the discussion method also helps students learn to evaluate ideas, concepts, and principles. The main advantages are less time spent on instruction compared to traditional classroom training, and higher levels of mastery and retention, Distance learning, or the use of electronic media to deliver instruction when the instructor and student are separated, is another advantage to e-learning. Models are especially adaptable to small group discussions in which students are encouraged to ask questions. On the other hand, an independent instructor may have considerable latitude, but limited resources. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion by telling them something about the subject matter to be covered, In a lecture, the instructor can present many ideas in a relatively short time. Instead, instructors become supportive facilitators. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. An increasingly popular form of teaching, the case study contains a story relative to the student that forces him or her to deal with situations encountered in real life, The instructor presents the case to the students who then analyze it, come to conclusions, and offer possible solutions. Its versatility and effectiveness provide several advantages for most types of instruction. In the conclusion the instructor should tie together the various points or topics discussed, and show the relationships between the facts brought forth and the practical application of these facts. In a guided discussion, the instructor guides the discussion with the goal of reinforcing a learning objective related to the lesson. [Figure 4-3] And, finally, a training course outline within a curriculum is the content of a particular course. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. A model is even more effective if it works like the original, and if it can be taken apart and reassembled. Guiding a Discussion - Instructor Technique: Introduce and encourage enthusiasm to stimulate discussion, Ask lead-off questions to get the discussion underway and keep the discussion interesting and engaging, Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices (PCATDs), Form habits for observance and reliance on instruments, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Learning is best achieved if students participate actively in a friendly, relaxed atmosphere, Therefore, the use of the informal lecture is encouraged. Since the student must remove the position light, install a power supply, and also install the tail strobe light, he or she needs to make several decisions that effect the final weight and balance of the aircraft. Unless the students have some knowledge to exchange with each other, they cannot reach the desired learning outcomes by the discussion method. Discussion questions should be easy for students to understand, put forth decisively by the instructor, and followed by silence. Words or terms used in an instructional aid should be carefully selected to convey the same meaning for the student as they do for the instructor. As is the case with the technician, there are times when a less used tool is the exact tool needed for a particular situation. The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. Students do not learn to weld during one shop period or to perform crosswind landings during one instructional flight. The instructors tools are teaching methods. More information on enhanced training materials is presented in chapter 6, Traditional aids in this group include slides, filmstrips, and transparencies for overhead projection. The 250 hours of flying required to take the exams must take place in an actual cockpit. An effective instructor possesses a strong motivation to teach, as well as a positive attitude toward learning. Another use of computers would allow students to review procedures at their own pace while the instructor is involved in hands-on training with other students. making each lesson a pleasurable experience. Efforts in this area pay great dividends in terms of quality of instruction. The instructor provides the problem to the student, offering only limited assistance as the student solves it, but participating in finding solutions. Moreover, the student should feel a personal responsibility to contribute. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. Clearly defined training objectives that the student understands are essential to the teaching process regardless of the teaching technique used, Research into how people learn has led many experts to recommend ways to present lessons that keep the attention of a class.