The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. Article Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. [12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). L2b1a. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. [5] Cinnioglu et al. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. [41] These classifications are based on shared SNP mutations. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. A plot of the sub-clades included in the principal component analysis (Figure 3b) indicates that the clustering of the populations from NW Caucasus is due to their U1* frequency, whereas L497 lineages account for the separation of central Europeans. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. Article Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. Google Scholar. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Semino et al. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. [citation needed] G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. (a) Principal component analysis by population. Slider with three articles shown per slide. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. Google Scholar. Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia.