(2) The fin and fuze assembly must be checked for tightness and damage. a. (2) The M84 fuze is a single-purpose, powder-train, mechanical-time fuze used with the 81-mm M301A1 and M301A2 illuminating cartridges. (4) The blast attentuator device is secured correctly. .50 MACHINE GUN, M3; FIRING CARTRIDGE, CAL. An 81 mm mortar is a medium-weight mortar. He maintains the ammunition for firing and provides local security for the mortar position. The principal factors affecting height of burst are the angle of approach to the target and the reflectivity of the target terrain. (1) Marking on container. Target terrain, such as ice and dry sand, gives lowest burst heights, whereas water and wet ground give highest burst heights. Lock The M821/M889 are 81mm HE Mortar Cartridges. Attached to the right of the screw is the traversing handwheel. The pile is covered with a double thickness of tarpaulin. FIRING TABLE FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1B; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3; AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B; AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 FIRING PROJECTILE, GUIDED, M712 (COPPERHEAD) WITH SHAPED TRAJECTORIES (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), PROVISIONAL AIMING DATA FOR CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A1 FIRING PROJECTILE, BASE-BURN, M864 AND M864A1 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), PRELIMINARY AIMING DATA FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, XM982 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), PROVISIONAL AIMING DATA FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, XM982 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), PROVISIONAL AIMING DATA FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, M982 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), CANNON, 165-MM GUN, M135 ON COMBAT ENGINEER VEHICLE, FULL TRACKED, M728; FIRING CARTRIDGE, 165-MM, HEP, M123A1 AND 165-MM, TP-T, XM623 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), CANNON, 175-MM GUN, M113 AND M113A1 ON GUN, FIELD ARTILLERY, SELF-PROPELLED: 175-MM, M107; FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, M437A2 AND M437A1 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), RAPID FIRE TABLES FOR CALCULATION OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS (XOS) MINIMUM QUADRANT ELEVATION WITH CANNON, 105MM HOWITZER, M20A1 ON HOWITZER, LIGHT, TOWED, 105MM, M119A1; HOWITZER, LIGHT, TOWED, 105MM, M119A2; HOWITZER, LIGHT, TOWED, 105MM, M119A3 FIRING WITH PROPELLING CHARGES, M67 AND M200 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), RAPID FIRE TABLES FOR CALCULATION OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICER S (XO S) MINIMUM QUADRANT ELEVATION WITH CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5/A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A1/A2 FIRING WITH PROPELLING CHARGES, M231, M232, AND M232A1 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), RAPID FIRE TABLES FOR CALCULATION OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICERS (XOS) MINIMUM QUADRANT ELEVATION WITH CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6; AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A7, AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A1 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING WITH PROPELLING CHARGES, M231, M232, AND M232A1 (S&I BY PROPONENT, SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), ADDENDUM TO FTR LANCE-B-1 FOR WARHEAD SECTION, GUIDED MISSILE, HE: M251 (U) (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), Search Army publications and forms by Number, Title, or Record Detail. 120mm IHE grenade DM91. The gunner removes the sight and places it in the case with 3200 deflection and 0800 elevation indexed. b. c. The first ammunition bearer ensures that each cartridge is clean, the safety pin is present, and the ignition cartridge is in good condition. The cartridge is painted light green with black markings and one narrow brown band. The firing pin must be replaced and the bore swabbed. In the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps, it is normally deployed in the mortar platoon of an infantry battalion. (1) Mask clearance and overhead clearance are sufficient. The M374 cartridge is fitted with the M90 propelling charge. During firing, the breech plug on the barrel is sealed and locked to the rotatable socket in the baseplate. Following the arm-and-hand signals of the gunner (who is looking through the sight unit), he moves the far aiming post so that the gunner obtains an aligned sight picture. OPERATOR`S MANUAL FOR MORTAR, 81-MM, M252 (NSN 1015-01-164-6651) (EIC 4SK){TM . HE ammunition is used against personnel and materiel. 9301 Chapek Road., Bldg.1458 M3A1 Baseplate ), FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A1 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, M483A1 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR, CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A1 FIRING PROJECTILE, HERA, M549 PROJECTILE, HERA, M549A1 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A1B; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B; HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284A2 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777, M777A1 AND M777A2 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, HERA, M549 AND PROJECTILE, HERA, M549A1 (S&I BY PROPONENT, SEE DEAILS, FOOTNOTES. a. The gunner moves the mortar as the assistant gunner steadies it. When the gunner is satisfied with his sight picture he announces, "Up.". The removable increments are fitted onto or around the shaft, depending on their type. LHMBC. The barrel is then rotated a quarter turn to unlock it from the socket, and it is placed in an area designated by the squad leader. on Amazon.com. If the line of sight clears the mask, it is safe to fire. (4) The M567 fuze is an impact fuze that has a SQ/IMP or D function. An M18 fuze wrench is used to change settings. With the clamps facing away from him, the assistant gunner traverses the buffer carrier to the traversing handwheel and folds the handle. Short cartridges can be expected when firing below charge 4. The 60mm mortar section is located in the weapons platoon of the rifle company, is armed with three 60mm mortars, and is (2) The M524-series fuze has two function settings: superquick/impact (SQ/IMP) and delay. The ammunition that can be fired by the 81-mm mortar, M252, is identified and described herein. e. The squad leader picks up the aiming posts and sight. The safety pull wire is removed just before inserting the cartridge into the mortar. 81 mm HE mortar projectiles generally contain anywhere between 400 g and 680 g of HE and have a maximum range of approximately 6,500 m. 82 mm HE mortar projectiles generally contain anywhere between 392 g and 680 g of HE and have maximum ranges of between 3,000 - 5,500 m. Attached to the arm is the cross-leveling mechanism, which is attached to the clamp assembly at its upper end. It should be destroyed in accordance with standard procedures. It is constructed from ductile cast iron and contains about 1.5 pounds of cyclonite (RDX)/trinitrotoluene (TNT) composition explosive. The ignition cartridge strikes the firing pin and detonates, which causes a flash that passes through the radial holes in the shaft. After the rounds have been removed, they should always be handled with two hands to prevent accidental dropping. Increments removed from cartridges before firing should be placed in a metal or wooden container located outside the firing vehicle/position at least 25 meters away. There is a selector on the lower shaft for non-delay or delay impact action. Fired . The explosive elements in primers and fuzes are sensitive to shock and high temperature. Each squad member should be able to perform all the following premount checks: a. .50: BROWNING, M2 (HEAVY BARREL, TURRET TYPE) ON MOUNT, MACHINE GUN, TRAILER MTD: MULTIPLE CAL. Disposal Precautions. An ammunition lot number is assigned to each ammunition lot, which is marked on each cartridge and packing container. d. The gunner rough levels the cross-level bubble by making the bubble bounce from one side to the other. Other armies count on 81mm mortar families. A safety latch located at the side of the recess is used to secure the ball. Check the post SOP before applying the following procedure: (1) Select a place at least 100 meters from the mortar position, parked vehicles, and ammunition piles. The elevation change announced must be less than 90 mils and more than 35 mils. The gunner should expose 6 inches (150 millimeters) of elevation shaft and center the buffer carrier. He must ensure that the ball-shaped end of the locking rod is secured in its recess by the locking latch. When the approximate alignment is completed, the gunner signals the assistant gunner to lower the bipod by pushing down on the mortar. DESCRIPTION. The fuze body is graduated from 0 to 50 seconds in 2-second intervals; 10-second intervals are indicated by bosses. News. b. He knocks down the near aiming post and proceeds to the far aiming post. .50 MACHINE GUN, M55 AND MACHINE GUN, CAL. b. Joint Tables of Allowance; PB - Professional Bulletins; STP - Soldier Training Publications; TC - Training Circulars; . (c) The gunner determines mask and overhead clearance by sighting along the barrel with his eye near the breech plug. The components of the mortar consist of a cannon, mount, and baseplate. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. It is assembled with the M772A1 MTSQ. a. c. After the gunner has announced, "Up," the squad leader should check the mortar to determine if the exercise was performed correctly. b. Firing tables are used to determine the correct charge for firing. Table 4-1. The assistant gunner checks the bipod and ensures that--. (d) Firing is slowed if mask clearance must be checked before each firing but this can be eliminated if minimum mask clearance is determined. The M29 would become the standard American mortar in the upcoming Vietnam War. b. Remaining increments are repositioned towards the rear of the tail fin assembly when firing the cartridge with horseshoe-shaped increments at less than full charge. 0.30, BROWNING, M1917A1; GUN, MACHINE: CAL. (3) The M256-series fuze has an SQ/IMP function only. General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems is the leading manufacturer of propellants for 60mm, 81mm and 120mm Mortar Systems. f. The open end of the socket must continue to point in the direction of fire. As soon as the sight data are announced, the gunner places it on the sight. Proximity (VT). Swifty 3 from scratch; Swifty 3 split-repo setup; Swifty Troubleshooting; Mods. After the mortar is mounted, the gunner makes a thorough check. The M252 system . It can provide all-weather, ground-based, close supporting, accurate, immediately Army Publishing Directorate The cartridge weighs about 9.12 pounds. This may preclude moving the bipod. System (including basic issue items) Additionally, they carry the 81mm M252 mortar that can only be used in a dismounted capacity. FT 81-AI-3 Firing Tables Mortar, 81mm: M28A1 and M29 Mortar 81mm Self propelled M125A1 and M125 Carrier, 81mm Mortar Tracked XM755 All mortar cartridges are painted to prevent rust and to identify their type. Red phosphorus cartridges (M252 only) are stored the same as HE cartridges. The propellant increments are ignited, which produce rapidly expanding gases that force the cartridge from the barrel. Its range and explosive power is greater than the M224, yet it is still light enough to be man . f. Installation. Their firing positions and principal duties are as follows: a. To prepare for firing, the slot is aligned in the striker with SQ or delay using the M18 fuze wrench. Since phosphorus liquefies at about 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the ammunition is protected against an uneven rehardening of the filler. Maximum Range (meters): 7,240 (with standard fuze) . a. Cartridges are shipped with a complete propelling charge, an ignition cartridge, and primer. 0.50, M8 (REPRINTED W/BASIC INCL C1-2) (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR MACHINE GUN, CALIBER .50: BROWNING, M2 (HEAVY BARREL, TURRET TYPE) ON MOUNT, MACHINE GUN, TRAILER MOUNTED: MULTIPLE CALIBER .50 MACHINE GUN, M55 FIRING CARTRIDGE, CALIBER .50: API, M8 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR MACHINE GUN, CALIBER .50: FICED, M85 TANK, COMBAT, FULL TRACKED: 105MM GUN, M60 SERIES FIRING CARTRIDGE, CALIBER .50: API, M8 CARTRIDGE, CALIBER .50: API-T M20 CARTRIDGE, CALIBER .50: BALL, M33 CARTRIDGE, CALIBER .50: TRACER, M17 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), MACHINE GUN, CAL. The cannon assembly consists of the barrel that is sealed at the lower end with a removable breech plug, which houses a removable firing pin (Figure 4-3). Referring and realigning aiming posts ensure that all mortars are set on the same data. The fuze threads and fuze well threads are inspected for damage. It has a time setting of up to 25 seconds. He makes large deflection shifts by shifting the bipod assembly and keeps the bubbles level during firing. It uses the M772 mechanical time fuze and weighs about 10.6 pounds. The fuze has a safety wire that must be removed before firing. He tightens the leg-locking handwheel (ensuring the teeth are correctly meshed) and fastens the securing strap over the arm and around the buffers. e. The pull wire and safety wire are removed from the fuze just before firing. The BAD is removed only by qualified maintenance personnel. It has a time setting of up to 50 seconds. . The 81mm weapons platoon consisted of the headquarters platoon and four mortar squads. They should not be approached for 5 minutes or disturbed for at least 30 minutes after firing. Several types of HE ammunition are used in the 81-mm mortar, M252. Those cartridges assembled with the M524 (A1, A2, A3, or A4) fuze are for use by the US Marine Corps and US Navy only. With the mortar mounted and the sight installed, the gunner lays the sight on the two aiming posts (placed out 50 and 100 meters from the mortar) on a referred deflection of 2800 mils and an elevation of 1100 mils. a. a. Before-firing checks include the following: (1) Ammunition should be free of moisture, rust, and dirt. Proximity-fuzed short cartridges, which are duds, contain a complete explosive train and impact element. They are fuzed with the M524-series, M256-series, or M532. Safety before firing is provided by a safety wire, which must be removed just before firing. (1) The rotating socket is free to move in a complete circle. (See FM 7-90 for a discussion of the duties of the platoon headquarters.). High explosive--M821, M889, M374-series, and M362. (a) Since the mortar is normally mounted in defilade, there could be a mask such as a hill, tree, building, or rise in the ground. The components of the mortar consist of a cannon, mount, and baseplate. Both the M90 and M90A1 propellants are in nine wax-tested, cotton cloth, bag increments assembled to the tail unit. a. An official website of the United States government. WP cartridges are stored with the fuze end up. The mortar is then re-laid on the aiming posts using the traversing crank. The 81-mm mortar, M252, is a smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded, high-angle-of-fire weapon. He rotates the socket so that the open end is pointing in the direction of fire. The mortar is within two turns of center of traverse. When the fuze of the misfired round reaches the BAD, the assistant gunner stops the round with his thumbs (he does not touch the fuze) and carefully removes it from the barrel. To set for delay, the selector slot should be rotated clockwise until it is aligned with the "D" mark on the ogive. .50: AP, M2 AND CARTRIDGE, CAL. Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 It is fitted with a standard pull wire and safety pin that are removed immediately before firing. At extreme temperatures (below -40 degrees Fahrenheit and above 125 degrees Fahrenheit), it is not unusual to experience an increase in malfunctions proportionate to the severity of conditions. e. The M362A1 and M362 HE cartridges are of steel forge construction and contain about 2.10 pounds of composition B explosive. The sight is laid on two aiming posts (placed out 50 and 100 meters from the mortar) on a referred deflection of 2800 mils and an elevation of 1100 mils. 81-mm MORTAR, M252 The 81-mm mortar, M252, delivers timely, accurate fires to meet the . Tabulated data. The equipment is placed out the same as for the gunner's examination (Chapter 9). ), FIRING TABLES FOR, CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M185 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A1B HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A2 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3 HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A3B AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A4 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A5 AND HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, 109A6 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM, HOWITZER, XM776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, XM777 FIRING PROJECTILE, HE, M795 (S&I BY PROP SEE DETAILS, FOOTNOTES), FIRING TABLES FOR CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A5, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M284A2 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, SELF-PROPELLED, 155MM, M109A6 AND M109A7 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M199 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M198 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777, M777A1 AND M777A2 AND CANNON, 155MM HOWITZER, M776 CHROME ON HOWITZER, MEDIUM, TOWED, 155MM, M777A2 FIRING PROJECTILE, SMOKE, WP, M1121 INCLUDES FIRING TABLES FOR PROPELLANTS: M119A2 (CHARGE 7R), M203A1 (CHARGE 8S), AND MODULAR ARTILLERY CHARGE SYSTEM (MACS) PROPELLANTS: M231 (CHARGES 1L AND 2L), M232 AND M232A1 (CHARGES 3H, 4H AND 5H) (S&I BY PROP SEE FOOTNOTES).